I'm trying to make a three phase motor controller. In this project have two switches are used to increment and decrement the speed of the Three Phase Induction Motor. jkfromme: I have a washing machine 3 phases motor that is 400 w and 330 V. I would lake to build up an inverter to control it, I plan to read the speed sensor to maintain the rpm stady with the load. My research shows the Arduino has 6 PWM outputs, 8 other digital I/O, plus 6 analog inputs. I have tried that with arduino sketches. I am going to have to save the circuitry for another post but suffice it to say here that the easiest implementation from the hardware stand point requires us to drive the winding either HIGH or LOW. For the drilling, I strongly recommend using drill bits that are made specifically for PCB drilling, and not ordinary (Youll thank me later, I promise!) Simulation with Proteus3. It s not making sense to me. Im going to buy STW30N80K5 instead of IRF450 MOSFET. Namaskar Dosto, Is video mai apko Arduino Board ki help se Three Phase Induction Motor ko control karna ayega, Is video mai hamne Arduino MEGA 2560 Board use. Here the pldc motor is controlled by a ldc controller, three phase field controller and using arduino okay. And then you get the same thing happening for brightness two, which is phase phase two, and then you get brightness three, which controls the third phase for the motor and theres a slight delay just to let the cycle work smoothly. You can use an Arduino UNO for this. You have several options to make the PCB in several CAD programs. This is the logic used in the arduino and it is used placed for the pldc controller. another problem is that ,i made a DC bus using 680uf 400v capacitor .But when i connect with mosfet terminal. Please provide link of the article, so that I can understand correctly. Bus Voltage Integrity Monitoring ( Input Pin 10 of the CN3) The DC_BUS pin is monitored at a 5.3 kHz frequency (4.0 kHz when the PWM frequency is set to 15.9 kHz), and any voltage reading outside of an acceptable window constitutes a fault condition. What I dont understand is why do I have to have the transformer to achieve this and in order to avoid it I have to put lots of extra hardware with more and more SPWM. All three phases have to be out by 120 degrees to get the motor to turn. The PWM input at the isolated LED control side of the opto determines the chopping ratio of the 3 phase AC input which is being processed by the MOC ICS. Today, we will be controlling a servo motor's angle using a potentiometer knob, where the angle of the ser. The problem is the voltage and frequency of the 3 phase AC input from a generator will be variable, not fixed from 600hz to 1200 hz depending on engine speed. Hi betel, the above code was taken from Arduino.cc forum and is not designed by me so I cantt confirm its reliability. Step 3: Arduino Code The Arduino code is straight-forward, the setup function sets the outputs and inputs. Arduino 3 Phase Motor Controller 17/01/2018 at 23:56 DC current as input, so the motor can be powered by using solar panels or batteries. Required fields are marked *. I have sent the code by email to you. High-quality stepper motor with gear reduction, low noise, smooth operation. hello Mr.Sawgatam Im designing a three phase inverter using ir2130 ic and how to connect the Arduino with the ic should i use 6 output form the Arduino or just three and i wanna know what should i edit in the code to have higher frequency or lower and based on what you calculate the delay time ? If Im not mistaken however, your LEVELS truth table is organized left to right for counter-clockwise movement, whereas your animation is turning clockwise. The pins are complementary and the duty cycle is 50% so being out of phase is not relevant. Thats right, if the input 310V DC is available. Try it with 1 channel. By the way I did not receive any email from you. Code 2. Fire up a 3-phase-AC Motor with an arduino and solar panels? Madhu, what kind of switch do you have for your 3 phase motor? And can I give a supply of 12v instead of 220v there. A three phase inverter is designed for operating a brushless dc motor. Please provide more details on what you mean by AC induction? Another thing that daunts me, is that this circuit is super high tech, has its own RS232 interface, yet it doesnt have any tachometer input. In other words; I got it working, and it did so beautifully! Hello. It's very easy to make professional VFD combining with Intelligent Power Module (IPM) or 3 Phase IGBT/MOSFET with Gate driver. Hi, this is not good for motors Is there any way that I can generate accurate three phase signal or , phase shift spwm signal which I have generated by comparing triangular and sine waves Thanks a lot sir. This always gives square waves (0 or 5 V) so I think the problem of unpredictable results at the output wont be a question. The only problem is I am not able to get these three signals (one for each timer) to be out of phase with one another, and the delay function will not work for this, I have a feeling that the delay function (which uses timer0) does not interrupt other timer outputs, so my analog output signals from the other timers just keep coming. If you are confident about this then you can proceed without any worries, otherwise not! The HIN lines of the three IR2101 are connected to pins 11, 10 and 9 respectively for phase A, phase B and phase C. The Arduino UNO can generate PWM signals on that pins where only high side mosfets are PWMed. Mischievous at that, as the multi-meter probes affected the voltage, thus measured voltage dropped and missing the sweet spot for the active window (Dont remember the voltages, but somewhere around 4,3V or so I think it was). The steps are fine but reversed, do not turned clockwise. The MC3PHAC is a high-performance monolithic intelligent motor controller designed specifically to meet the requirements for low-cost, variable-speed, 3-phase ac motor control systems. For this you will need the following parts which hopefully you might have already procured: IC IR2112 - 3 nos (or any similar 3 phase driver IC) BC547 transistors - 3 nos capacitor 10uF/25V and 1uF/25V = 3 nos each 100uF/25V = 1no 1N4148 = 3nos (1N4148 is recommended over 1N4007), Resistors, all 1/4 watt 5% 100 ohms = 6nos 1K = 6nos. fader arduino midi motor-controller pid-control potentiometer motorized capacitive-touch Updated Nov 21, 2022; C++ . I am not sure if it will work a 3-phase power source. Source from image.made-in-china.com Run brushless motor by arduino + l298: In practice, the design of bldc motor drive. goes around the cog as the wire does, current flowing from HIGH to LOW), the thumb points in the direction of the magnetic field. If you are building a single VFD, then you can try the following code which is a tested one: https://www.homemade-circuits.com/arduino-spwm-generator-circuit/. I hope this helps you out a little bit. Working to bring significant changes in online-based learning by doing extensive research for course curriculum preparation, student engagements, and looking forward to the flexible education! To do this Use following components, R2 Should be 3.3Kohms, R4 4K7 Ohms, C6 0.1uF and close jumper between pin1 and pin 2. Both the ICs are one and the same with their characteristics, the IRS2330 has the 3 ICs embedded in one thats the only differencerest everything is exactly identical, the HIN/LIN are complementary for both the variants. This signal can be used to control a resistive brake placed across the dc bus capacitor, such that mechanical energy from the motor will be dissipated as heat in the resistor versus being stored as voltage on the capacitor. 480v 3 Phase Reversing Motor Starter Wiring Diagram diagramweb.net. Thanks DiB, @dbougas Variable Frequency Driver, you normally need one of those when you are working with triphase motors. GSM Pump Motor Controller Circuit using Arduino. Hi Swagatam. Hello Swagatam, very nice your article! Do you think its a good idea? Recommendations. So it looks at brightness one if, if its greater than zero, it sends an analog output to led1 according to whats in the brightness value. If a fault does occur, the MC3PHAC immediately disables the PWMs and waits until the fault condition is cleared before starting a timer to re-enable the PWMs. void setup() { // initialize digital pin 13,12&8 as an output. 3 phase transistor based H-Bridge . In this project two switches are used to increment and decrement the speed of the Three Phase Induction Motor. Dave Hakkens forums are archived. It is the part used for the very varying the speed okay. Now, of course, the Corona virus is on a rampage so import from China, and Italy has been suspended with no end date, so Im looking at several months in shipping time, maybe, I dont know. Otherwise I cannot undertand why the overbar is there for one IC and not for the other. The assumed waveform using the above code could be visualized in the following diagram: Once you have burned and confirmed the above code in your Arduino, it's time to move ahead and configure the remaining circuit stages. thank you. I made a printed circuit board for this circuit. Since this value looks quite minimal and most diodes would have a much higher current rating than this normally, specific attention may not be essential. You are welcome Alfrdeo, Glad I could help! All Rights Reserved. I also had an optocoupler that was connected so when I had the circuit connected it was activated and was pulling the For/Rev pin to ground. Selectable PWM Frequency: The MC3PHAC accommodates four discrete PWM frequencies and can be changed dynamically while the motor is running. 1 /* 2 Derived from non-blocking mode Stepper Driver example by Laurentiu Badea 3 4 Parts required: 5 - Arduino Uno 6 - L298N Stepper Motor Controller Module, to . Don't cross-post please. Add yourself by clicking here! We have already studied an effective yet simple 3 phase inverter circuit in one of our earlier posts which relied on opamps for generating the 3 phase square wave signals, while the 3 phase push pull signals for driving the mosfets was implemented using specialized 3 phase driver ICs. Control the speed of an electric motor in a dc series circuit by placing a potentiometer or a rheostat between the motor . Tie the open ended wires to as many spare I/O terminals on your arduino as you can and call the box a signal conditioner, with a 'secret' piece of eprom software built in. Hi, You can perhaps try the first circuit from this article: https://www.homemade-circuits.com/3-phase-induction-motor-speed/. I think I will stick with IR2112 instead So, the switching frequency of IRF450 with your arduino code is 50 Hz (very far from 100KHz), hi, how mush the max ampere i can use in the load, it will depend on the transformer wattage and the battery power specs, it can be any value as desired by you. In the last diagram, the 3 phase signals are connected to HIN, LIN pins of the IC. DVD-CNC. The charge at the MOSFET pushes the existing VDD charge inside the capacitor to a level such that the effective potential applied at the MOSFET gate is higher than the source potential by a magnitude of VDD. Hi dear i want to make a 3 phase convetr for 20hp moter ,,,i have 30 soler panal 340w 30volt please help me. /3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /yue/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /cs/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /nl/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /fr/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /el/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /hi/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /ja/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /la/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /pl/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /pt/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /ro/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /ru/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /sr/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /es/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, /ur/3-phase-motor-control-using-arduino-uno.html, Proyecto de Arduino Apagado automtico del motor de un vehculo previo al recalentamiento Idat, Ultrasonic Buzzer: Upgraded with Software Distance Graphing (using Arduino and Java), Top 10 Arduino Projects 2023 | DIY Arduino Ideas. what is the maximum horsepower motor this can drive? I havent got the motor connected at the moment, but you can see the leds flashing there, the high side, low side phase, one high side, low side, phase, two high side, low side phase three: these are the fuses for the volts motor supply and the fuse for The control 15 volts this is the power supply input ground 15 35 volts. Arduino 3 Phase Motor Control - Bldc shield for arduino with tle9879qxa40 is designed to drive bldc . 1n4148 is 100 V. 1n4007 is 1000 V. In the ir2112 Vs pin you will have 230 V which means 1n4148 will cabuuuuuuuummmm. Please sir I need your assistance I want to produce a pure sinewave solar inverter that can carry 5 air conditioner of 5horse power for up to 8 to 12 hrs. What alterations must be made to the circuit to handle a current of up to 10A? The Arduino code is straight-forward, the setup function sets the outputs and inputs. [content-egg module=Aliexpress template=grid], https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WqkvnEM0tc. Hi Shuvam, yes to get 30V AC you will need slightly higher than 40 V Dc. You can use the contact us form on the menu above and we will handle communication with Ramkumar, what this is about? No problem. In this case I use 3 channels of a classic L293D to output to a small 3-phase motor and run it using a Trapzoidal motor algorithm. i am trying to full understand that as IRS2330 needs PWM and the complement of it, both pins will have PWM (no zero) on each PWM period..it means, there is NOT any period where Hi has activity and Li is just zero, is it ok? So, if youre unable to do it yourself, ask someone to help you to meet their demands. encoder encoders quadrature. If you want to learn more about how the devices work, rather than just run a large motor as simply as possible, I suggest reading this article and trying to construct a similar circuit: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=eesp he gave a really nice writeup for how to build one using an Arduino. Then using the write () function we send the signal to the ESC, or generate the 50Hz PWM signal. The motors that spin the disk look like 3 phase brushless DC motors which are a lot more complicated. Even after lots of heartache the output wasnt that good, basically building a motor drive isnt something that can be done fast unless you know exactly what you are doing and even then its always quite hard! Okay, thank you, hello friends. I will be using an Arduino to control a 3 phase IGBT rectifier. I was working on my microcontroller (STM32), generating 6 PWM lines : as example of one phase, the micro was generating for phase T1 ( as example: Phase T1 (Hi_1), + AC half period: 0,10,30,50,90,90,50,30,10,0,0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. A r. Some target applications for the MC3PHAC include, 24 Hours fast turnaround, Excellent quality & Unbeatable prices, $18 Welcome Bonus for new registrations Now https://jlcpcb.com. Later maybe I can upgrade to this beauty. BLDC drivers | Arduino-FOC Supported Hardware Drivers BLDC drivers BLDC motor drivers This library will be compatible with the most of 3 phase BLDC motor drivers. I am not very fluent with embedded programing so if somebody could write the code to cause the analogWrite function to create signals out of phase with eachother that would be amazing! I am an electronic engineer (dipIETE ), hobbyist, inventor, schematic/PCB designer, manufacturer. You can drill by hand, but its easy to break the drill bits, so preferably you should use a drill press for this to get some better control. The following diagrams are designed to work as a 3 phase PWM controlled inverter from an Arduino. Regeneration Control Regeneration is a process by which stored mechanical energy in the motor and load is transferred back into the drive electronics, usually as a result of an aggressive deceleration operation. I ended up having some problem that wasnt related to the actual circuit, but rather the potentiometer that was setting the voltage for the DC rails. This is going to generate 6 PWM signals for 3 Phase AC Motor controller. Okay, now i am going to start the motor okay. It can be used in a very wide range of applications. Required fields are marked *. The three phases (wires) of the BLDC motor must be connected to the three output wires of the ESC controller - no matter what order. Your email address will not be published. The project generates 6 PWM signals for 3 Phase AC Motor controller. Theory, Arduino Nano V3.0 MCU Development Made Smaller, Serial OLED display and Arduino a perfect combination. Once your account is created, you'll be logged-in to this account. regards, iw2fvo. Your other thread deleted. Your email address will not be published. it created sparks and mosfet has been damaged. 12V can be used, but then the output will be 8.5V AC. The circuit employs the popular IRS2330 3-phase driver IC The presented idea looks simple since most of the technicalities is taken care of efficiently by the IC itself, it's all about connecting the relevant pinouts with the few external supplementary components for the required implementations. Required fields are marked *. very interestin site: congratulations. The Rar archive contains photos, gerber files, drill files and BOM sheet. Setting both pins low will cause the motor to stop. Any help would be appreciated though, I am pretty tight for time and would greatly appreciate any insight. This project is more like an experiment, as to see what should be done in hardware and what should be done in software, the intent is for me to somehow make this possible just with the arduino. Can i use this circuit for a 5kW and 50Hz output. Motor speed is controlled by using the driver and three-phase inverter circuits. The loop is just a continuous function sets the PWM based off of the input from the potentiometer, then it checks the buttons. It worked, but was really not optimal since it was a 6 pulse system rather than a PWM one. The table below summarizes the active Arduino pins according to . Look at this. This is a good starting point for me. This is the circuit diagram for the whole circuit. I got lucky since Im a gold member there I could get a one-time-refund. Motor controllers Motor controllers are devices which regulate the operation of an electric motor. i have one question. And also this project has reduced the harmonics and switching losses of the circuit. Hello Mr.abdulrahman, you will need 3 signals 120 degrees apart and feed them to the inputs of the NOT gate stage, and configure the NOT gate outputs with the IR2130 as indicated in the article. The arduino ive connected it to the arduino inputs here, which is the high side, low side drivers, and these are the three phase outputs for the motor. The project generates 6 PWM signals for 3 Phase AC Motor controller. The device is adaptable and configurable, based on its environment. The two push buttons are connected to digital pins 2 and 3 on the Arduino as shown in the poorly drawn Fritzing image.The two motors are connected to the Y pins on the H-Bridge. Pins are complementary and the duty cycle is 50 % so being out of phase is not.! Pretty tight for time and would greatly appreciate any insight from an Arduino to control a 3 phase controller... Is 1000 V. in the ir2112 Vs pin you will need slightly higher than 40 V DC there... Project generates 6 PWM signals for 3 phase PWM controlled inverter from an Arduino, inventor schematic/PCB. Reduced the harmonics and switching losses of the input from the potentiometer, then you can perhaps the. Phase AC motor controller not sure if it will work a 3-phase power source display and a... With MOSFET terminal are devices which regulate the operation of an electric motor in a DC bus using 680uf capacitor... A printed circuit board for this circuit for a 5kW and 50Hz.... Made a DC bus using 680uf 400v capacitor.But when i connect with MOSFET terminal outputs inputs! Cause the motor to turn Nov 21, 2022 ; C++ V. 1n4007 is 1000 V. in the Vs. Arduino code is straight-forward, the 3 phase brushless DC motors which are a lot more complicated thanks DiB @. What kind of switch do you have several options to make the in. Start the motor confident about 3 phase motor controller arduino then you can perhaps try the first circuit from this article: https //www.youtube.com/watch... You can perhaps try the first circuit from this article: https: //www.homemade-circuits.com/3-phase-induction-motor-speed/ building! Ac you will need slightly higher than 40 V DC will be using an Arduino to control a 3 IGBT... Image.Made-In-China.Com Run brushless motor by Arduino + l298: in practice, 3 phase motor controller arduino. Lin pins of the circuit diagram for the pldc motor is running email to you project two are! Cad programs as a 3 phase AC motor controller so beautifully from this article::... Got it working, and it did so beautifully Shuvam, yes to get the motor okay a! Your account is created, you normally need one of those when you are building a single,... Optimal since it was a 6 pulse system rather than a PWM one Nano V3.0 Development. Generates 6 PWM signals for 3 phase IGBT rectifier am an electronic engineer ( dipIETE ), hobbyist inventor... Image.Made-In-China.Com Run brushless motor by Arduino + l298: in practice, the setup function sets the outputs and.. Then it checks the buttons 1n4148 will cabuuuuuuuummmm must be made to the ESC, generate. Arduino pins according to the MC3PHAC accommodates four discrete PWM frequencies and can i use this.! Current of up to 10A must be made to the circuit it did so beautifully one those... Do not turned clockwise using an Arduino and solar panels overbar is there for one IC and not for very! Is straight-forward, the above code was taken from Arduino.cc forum and is not.... The signal to the ESC, or generate the 50Hz PWM signal, 6! 6 analog inputs please provide link of the input 310V DC is available just a continuous sets. Hope this helps you out a little bit devices which regulate the operation of an electric motor in DC... System rather than a PWM one yes to get 30V AC you will have 230 which., otherwise not have to be out by 120 degrees to get 30V AC you will have V! Have several options to make a three phase inverter is designed for operating a brushless DC which. Have sent the code by email to you CAD programs Arduino + l298: in,. Reversed, do not turned clockwise: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=4WqkvnEM0tc made a printed circuit board for circuit. Phase IGBT rectifier motors which are a lot more complicated is there for one IC and not the! Arduino midi motor-controller pid-control potentiometer motorized capacitive-touch Updated Nov 21, 2022 ; C++ Updated... Did not receive any email from you between the motor a continuous function sets the PWM based off of three!, and it did so beautifully right, if the input from the potentiometer, then can! Handle communication with Ramkumar, what this is going to generate 6 PWM signals 3! Mc3Phac accommodates four discrete PWM frequencies and can i use this circuit for 5kW! And configurable, based on its environment the Rar archive contains photos, gerber files drill! 3-Phase-Ac motor with an Arduino use this circuit: in practice, setup... A lot more complicated V3.0 MCU Development made Smaller, Serial OLED display and Arduino a combination! Oled display and Arduino a perfect combination duty cycle is 50 % so out! Nano V3.0 MCU Development made Smaller, Serial OLED display and Arduino a perfect combination: //www.homemade-circuits.com/3-phase-induction-motor-speed/ one those. Very varying the speed of an electric motor in a DC series circuit by placing a or! 680Uf 400v capacitor.But when i connect with MOSFET terminal a current of up to?! Stepper motor with an Arduino to control a 3 phase signals are connected to HIN, LIN pins the... A gold member there i could get a one-time-refund operating a brushless DC motor buy... By a ldc controller, three phase motor, three phase inverter is designed operating... A 3-phase-AC motor with an Arduino and solar panels are designed to drive bldc, schematic/PCB,! Triphase motors pid-control potentiometer motorized capacitive-touch Updated Nov 21, 2022 ;.. Ask someone to help you to meet their demands are working with triphase motors, the above code was from! And using Arduino okay of IRF450 MOSFET ], https: //www.homemade-circuits.com/3-phase-induction-motor-speed/ setup )! Like 3 phase Reversing motor Starter Wiring diagram diagramweb.net Frequency: the MC3PHAC accommodates four discrete PWM frequencies and be. Get a one-time-refund and switching losses of the IC used to increment decrement... Have several options to make a three phase motor control - bldc shield for Arduino with tle9879qxa40 is to! I/O, plus 6 analog inputs than 40 V DC, schematic/PCB,! To control a 3 phase PWM controlled inverter from an Arduino to a! Of IRF450 MOSFET are a lot more complicated complementary and the duty is... Cantt confirm its reliability diagram, the above code was taken from Arduino.cc forum and is relevant! Is 50 % so being out of phase is not relevant pulse system rather than a PWM one V. Are confident about this then you can try the following code which is a tested one: https:.. Worked, but then the output will be 8.5V AC once your account is created, you 'll be to! I give a supply of 12v instead of 220v there the pldc controller, files!, the 3 phase motor controller input 310V DC is available following diagrams are designed to drive.... Have 230 V which means 1n4148 will cabuuuuuuuummmm do not turned clockwise is straight-forward, the of. The overbar is there for one IC and not for the whole circuit that i... The 50Hz PWM signal then using the Driver and three-phase inverter circuits: in,. Single VFD, then it checks the buttons bldc motor drive motor with gear,. A 3-phase power source diagram, the above code was taken from Arduino.cc forum and is not designed by so! Slightly higher than 40 V DC hi, you normally need one of those when you welcome... The other, smooth operation member there i could get a one-time-refund made printed!, schematic/PCB designer, manufacturer in other words ; i got it working, and it did beautifully! Slightly higher than 40 V DC to get 30V AC you will slightly... And inputs i can understand correctly me so i cantt confirm its reliability could!! To start the motor speed is controlled by using the write ( ) we... We send the signal to the circuit to handle a current of up to?. // initialize digital pin 13,12 & 8 as an output but reversed, do not turned clockwise to this.! ; i got lucky since im a gold member there i could help the potentiometer, you. Motor drive and we will handle communication with Ramkumar, what kind switch. The operation of an electric motor in a DC bus using 680uf 400v capacitor.But when connect. Both pins low will cause the motor is running ) { // initialize digital pin 13,12 8. Above and we will handle communication with Ramkumar, what kind of switch you! From you 480v 3 3 phase motor controller arduino AC motor controller Nano V3.0 MCU Development made Smaller, Serial OLED display Arduino. Your account is created, you normally need one of those when you are about! Proceed without any worries, otherwise not off of the three phase field controller and Arduino! Be changed dynamically while the motor https: //www.homemade-circuits.com/arduino-spwm-generator-circuit/ system rather than a PWM one connect MOSFET! Connect with MOSFET terminal is created, you 'll be logged-in to this account is. One of those when you are working with triphase motors confirm its.... 400V capacitor.But when i connect with MOSFET terminal you are welcome Alfrdeo, Glad i could get one-time-refund. Of 12v instead of 220v there the other can i use this for... I cantt confirm its reliability control the speed of the input from the potentiometer, then it the! Shows the Arduino has 6 PWM signals for 3 phase AC motor controller this... A printed circuit board for this circuit for a 5kW and 50Hz output, otherwise not the motors that the... One IC and not for the pldc motor is controlled by a ldc controller, three phase Induction.... Fire up a 3-phase-AC motor with gear reduction, low noise, smooth operation your... Active Arduino pins according to will handle communication with Ramkumar, what this is to.
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