Port area of Boston. During the Second Punic War, Hannibal inflicted crushing defeats on Roman armies, particularly in the battle of Cannae where 70,000 Romans died following the engagement. Furthermore, Hamilcar had invited Hanno the Great to join forces and try to end the rebellion as quickly as possible, but the generals failed to cooperate. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, l. 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Punic Wars by Bagnall, Nigel [Hardcover ], Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. It is also possible that he had hoped to establish a future war chest with Spanish silver. Hamilcar next moved to confront the army of Matho at Tunis. Some of the surviving rebels fled towards Utica; others, after being driven from their camp near the bridge, fled to Tunis. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Last modified June 01, 2016. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. Corrections? The town, called Helike, is commonly identified with Elche, but given that it is situated close to Hamilcar's base at Akra Leuke from which he could readily draw reinforcement, it cannot be the place where the following events unfolded. The name Hamilcar (PunicPhoenician mlqrt, brother of Melqart) was a common name for Carth The cavalry and light infantry were in the middle, while the heavy infantry was posted furthest from the rebel army.[61]. Hamilcar had indeed got his wish that the Barcid line would be no friend of Rome. Rebel leaders feared mass desertions might result because of Hamilcar's policy towards prisoners. The Book of Weapons; Dwight Jon Zimmerman; 2009. So he did. The Romans responded by blockading Hamilcar, but he seems to have been able to break out regularly and continue his guerrilla tactics. This army was small for leading a sortie against the stronger rebel forces, especially to lead into a pitched battle. Hamilcar Barca | Father of Hannibal and Enemy of Rome | Carthaginian History 2,359 views Apr 22, 2022 144 Dislike Share Serapeum 2.07K subscribers I guess this can be counted as the spiritual. Without a significant fleet and having lost their strategically important fortresses in Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia, the Carthaginians, though, had to look elsewhere for a source of money to fund their armies. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. Commercial Artist, Barber, Sign Language Interpreter, Blind Mobility Aide. Hannibal whose full name is Chenu Bechola Barca was an intelligent warrior of Carthaginian . Hamilcar seized the town of Eryx, captured by the Romans in 249 BC, after destroying the Roman garrison, and positioned his army between the Roman forces stationed at the summit and their camp at the base of the mountain. Second Punic War In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). Hamilcar died in battle, most likely drowning in the Jucar River while besieging a place called Helice and trying to escape from a Celtiberian army. [117], In eight years, Hamilcar had secured an extensive territory in Hispania by force of arms and diplomacy, but his premature death in battle (228 BC) denied Carthage a complete conquest. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. The traditional historiography up to the 80's interpreted the Carthaginian policy on the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the VI century BC as basically one of imperial domination directed at replacing the Phoenician presence by direct Carthaginian control. Hamilcar retired to Africa after the peace treaty in 241 BC, following the defeat of Carthage. [16] As a result, Hamilcar was given a fairly small army and the Carthaginian fleet was gradually withdrawn; Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower,[12][13] so by 242 BC, Carthage had no ships to speak of in Sicily.[17]. He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. [55] Hamilcar observed that wind blowing from a certain direction uncovered a sandbar at the river mouth that was fordable and, under cover of night, the Punic army left Carthage and crossed the river. The Carthaginians needed to gain the far side of the Bagradas, so they could manoeuvre freely, but lacked the strength to force a crossing against the superior rebel force guarding against this. Then the enterprising Hamilcar Barca came to the fore. Hamilcar's victory opened communication with Utica, and gave Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control by force or negotiations. Hamilcar crucified Spendius and other rebel hostages outside Tunis to terrorize Matho, but this backfired when the rebels were able to surprise and defeat Hannibal's army due to their lax discipline. Cite This Work Had Hamilcar suffered a decisive defeat, casualties and prisoners would have diminished their numbers and Carthage would have had an excuse not to pay anything. Several office buildings, overlooking the harbor waters. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. It is possible that Hamilcar Barca secured the last clause after the initial conditions, which were more favorable to Carthage, was altered by Rome with a harsher one. Hannibal Barca, born Carthage 247 B.C, Hannibal Barcar was the son of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. America's Black dilemma [Barca, Hamilcar] on Amazon.com. Training for the army was obtained in some Numidian forays, then Hamilcar marched the army westwards to the Pillars of Hercules. The Turdetani surrendered. Hamilcar probably fought an inconclusive battle at Drepanum,[22] but there is cause to doubt this.[24]. But who reads Polybius (1.65-83) can see how he came to this act. Best walking boots for men and women for 2023, tested by experts. Four years of constant campaigns, details of which are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue the area between Gades and Cape Nao. Iberia would also serve as a base for any future conflicts against the Romans which would be independent of political interference from Carthage, and the campaigns would enhance the reputation of Hamilcar Barca. Furthermore, Hamilcar allied with Hasdrubal the Fair,[80] his future son in law, to restrict the power of the aristocracy, which was led by Hanno the Great,[81] as well as gain immunity from prosecution. While Carthage was busy settling state affairs, Spendius and Matho decided to blockade the city from the landward side. Rome forbade Italian traders to trade with rebels and encouraged trade with Carthage, freed Punic prisoners without ransom, and allowed Carthage to recruit mercenaries from Roman territories and flatly refused the invitation from Utica, Hippo and Sardinia to occupy these areas. After the establishment of Akra Leuke, Hamilcar began to move northwest but no records of his campaigns exist. The milder terms Rome had given to Carthage in the aftermath of the First Punic War, and the friendly conduct of Rome during the mercenary war might have raised the possibility of a long period of peace between the two powers, but the seizure of Sardinia destroyed any real chance of peace among equals. Hamilcar & the Barcid line would dominate the Carthaginian political & military arenas for the next 35 years. 2 Although before his arrival the Carthaginians were faring badly by land, and sea, wherever he was present in person he never yielded . Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce ), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264-241 bce ). Then the so-called Truceless War (also Mercenary War) broke out in 241 BCE. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. As the cavalry and then the elephants came closer to the infantry Hamilcar ordered each in turn to also wheel about to face the rebels. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. With Hannibal and son-in-law Hasdrubal (the Handsome), he and an army of elephants and Phoenician and Numidian troops battled Iberian tribes, founded the city of Akra Leuke (modern Alicante), acquired huge quantities of Spanish silver bullion, and solidified new political and military alliances. Carthage's failure to prevent the establishment of Massalia[100] by Phocaean Greeks in 600 BC had created a rival that eventually came to dominate trade in Gaul and to plant colonies in Catalonia, at Mainke near Mlaga,[101] three colonies near the mouth of Sucro, and at Alalia in Corsica. They had remained in power throughout the Mercenary War and had advocated Hanno's position over Hamilcar's more than once. Hamilcar Barca "Carthaginian general, led forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War. The following 13 files are in this category, out of 13 total. Although the Carthaginians were a mixed population, the Carthaginian military was dominated by Numidians, which was a mixture of a black Africans, Nubians, and Berber extract that lived among the Carthaginians and who were prevalent in Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and elsewhere throughout North Africa. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Hamilcar_Barca/. Please support World History Encyclopedia. In expanding his power to the European continent, Hamilcar reinvigorated the Carthaginian empire, regained needed resources, and prepared a base for renewing war against Rome, which his son Hannibal would famously do in the Second Punic War. He divided his army: Hannibal took half of the soldiers and camped to the north of Tunis, while Hamilcar camped to the south, thus hemming in Matho's army in Tunis. 18 Jan 2023. He may have been responsible for creating the strategy which his son Hannibal implemented in the Second Punic War to bring the Roman Republic close to defeat. The rebels mutilated prisoners, and Hamilcar had his captives trampled on by elephants. The expelled mercenaries took refuge in Italy and again requested Rome to take over Sardinia. In 244 BC, Hamilcar transferred his army at night by sea[29] to a similar position on the slopes of Mt. While harassing Roman troops with guerrilla tactics in western Sicily, Hamilcar staged a landing on the north coast, capturing Mount Ercte (probably Pellegrino near Palermo), which he held in the face of determined Roman attempts to dislodge him (247244). He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. Eryx (Monte San Giuliano),[30] from which he was able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town of Drepanum (Trapani). Finally, when the Carthaginian Senate was unable to decide between Hamilcar and Hanno, the people's assembly left it to the army to decide on their Commander in Chief, and Hamilcar Barca was elected to sole command. Hamilcar Barca ( c. 270 -228 BC) served as a Carthaginian general during and after the First Punic War. Hannibal Barca was one of the great generals of ancient times. vii. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [59], It is not exactly known how Hamilcar managed to outwit the rebels. (Encyclopaedia Britannica . There are several versions to what happened next: Orissus offered to aid Hamilcar, then attacked the Punic army, and Hamilcar drowned during a retreat across the Jucar river;[114] the Oretani sent ox-driven carts to the Carthaginian position, then set them on fire and Hamilcar died in the resulting melee;[115] Hamilcar accepted an offer to parley, then led the enemy in one direction while Hannibal and Hasdrubal Barca fled in the opposite direction. He held command (247-41) during the first Punic War and established Carthaginian influence in Spain (237-?228) [18] With a small force and no money to hire new troops, Hamilcar's strategic goal probably was to maintain a stalemate, as he had neither the resources to win the war nor the authority to peacefully settle it. Hamilcar now had an army of 12,000 and 70 elephants with which to face the rebels. Punic Mercenaries stationed in Sardinia had rebelled in 239 BC, besieged Boaster and all Carthaginians in a citadel and later executed them after the fort fell. It was probably some distance from Carthage because, while Hamilcar blockaded the valley exits and waited for the rebels to starve, Matho's army at Tunis did not intervene although the trapped rebels held out awaiting his arrival. Hamilcar exited the valley and, after a hard-fought battle, defeated the army of Spendius. Heavy infantry formed the rearguard, and the whole army marched in a single file in battle formation. Amlcar Barca [1] (ca. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Hamilcar aimed to attack the small rebel band holding the bridge, but Spendius led the rebel force besieging Utica to confront Hamilcar. Moored in the water, we can see a large . One historian commented that had he not been the father of Hannibal, Hamilcar's Sicilian front might have received scant notice. The success of Hamilcar and his family in Spain, which rebuilt Carthaginian finances and created a standing army, giving Carthage the means to resist Rome. Web. d. 229 or 228 BC, Carthaginian general. was a great Carthaginian general and statesman in the First Punic War who firmly established Carthaginian rule in Spain. 285-c. 229 B.C.) If he had lived in the United . Department of History 106 Dulles Hall 230 Annie & John Glenn Avenue Columbus, OH 43210. Whatever direct territorial control Carthage had had in the past in Iberia,[98] this had been mostly lost by this time as Hamilcar was "re-establishing Carthaginian authority in Iberia". Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between[49] so the government could pay them off without trouble. Hamilcar had been undefeated and was forced to make peace. Hamilcar Barca was recalled from Sicily and he joined Hanno the Great, who had made significant conquests in Libya while Hamilcar had been in Sicily, to quash the rebellion. There, after several skirmishes, Hamilcar cornered the enemy at 'the Saw' (Prion), a ridge in the Libyan mountains. Little is known about the origins or history of the Barca family prior to the Punic Wars. He was born in 247 BC to Hamilcar Barca who was also a chief in the Carthaginian army. As the strain on the Punic population increased, Carthaginian authorities then sent them off to Sicca, planning to plead with the whole army to forgo their unpaid wages by pointing out the dire financial situation of Carthage. One of his most famous achievements was at the outbreak of the Second Punic War, Through brilliant maneuvering, Hamilcar inflicted a heavy defeat on the rebel forces, leading to the killing of 8,000 mercenaries and the capturing of 2,000 men. Barca was perhaps a family name, though more probably an epithet meaning lightning.. Carthaginian leadership requested terms to the victorious Roman commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus and authorised Hamilcar Barca to open negotiations, probably to avoid the responsibility of the defeat. Mathos could not, though, resist a joint army of Hamilcar and Hanno, and he was driven out of the city and defeated at Byzacium. History Themes. Boston Harbor. Hamilcar Barca, vel Barcas ( Punice , a barak, 'fulgur') (natus 270 a.C.n. There is no clear record of the political activity in Carthage at this time. Roman occupation of Sardinia, and then Corsica, indicated the untrustworthiness of Romans and their willingness to meddle when they saw fit regardless of treaties between the powers. i. p. 391; Auson. Hamilcar's sons, Hannibal and Hasdrubal, had accompanied him. Carthage would pay 2,200 silver talents in 10 year installments, and 1,000 talents immediately; a total of 3,200 talents as war reparations. [58] Hamilcar unleashed his trap as the disorderly rebels closed on his formation. He makes his first appearance when the series' events shift to Relic's Point, overseeing the research and . By the winter of 238 BC, the Mercenary revolt was over. Deprived of leadership, and unaware of the pact, the mercenaries suspected treachery; the Libyans were the first to attack Hamilcar's positions. Because Carthaginians kept no written chronicles of Hannibals life, historical knowledge of Hannibal was based upon Carthaginian oral traditions and entirely on Roman written records. At this point, the Carthaginian senate reinstated Hanno and forced Hamilcar to share command. Mago and Hasdrubal were his younger brothers. [51] The rebels divided their forces: detachments were sent to besiege Utica and Hippo, while others cut Carthage off from the mainland, probably in the winter of 241 BC or spring of 240 BC. Hamilcar refused and slaughtered all of them except for the commanders. Neither side should make war on the other's allies, or seek to change their allegiance by allying with them directly or interfering with their internal affairs. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. See also Hamilcar Barca on Wikipedia; and our 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica disclaimer . [67] The rebel army was slaughtered, with the elephants trampling most to death. Hamilcar is the latinization of Hamlkas (Greek: ), the hellenized form of the common Semitic Phoenician-Carthaginian masculine given name MLK (Punic: )[1][2] or MLQRT (),[citation needed] meaning "Melqart's brother". Carthage often hauled defeated generals and admirals before the Tribunal of 100 and had them crucified, so Hamilcar probably distanced himself from the possibility of prosecution if the Roman terms turned out to be harsh enough for Carthaginian authorities to seek a scapegoat. Roman consul Fundanius (243/2 BC) arrogantly replied that Hamilcar should request a truce to save his living and denied the request. An unnamed fourth son is often referred to, but details are lacking. The Book of Inventions; Thomas J. Craughwell; 2008. In 202 BCE, Hannibal was called back to Africa to defend Carthage against invading Roman military forces, and there he was finally defeated by Scipio Africanus at the battle of Zama. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. This act would have an incredibly psychological impact on the surrounding Roman population in those days. . Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. In 237 BCE Hamilcar had famously taken his son, then nine years old, to the temple of Baal in Carthage and made him swear never to be a friend of Rome. World History Encyclopedia, 01 Jun 2016. The gloomy situation changed when first Syracuse and then Rome came to the aid of Carthage. [8] The Romans had occupied most of Sicily by 249 BC and they besieged the last two Carthaginian strongholds in the extreme west. luminat) i no era un nom familiar sin un renom personal, encara que a la seva famlia se la distingeix desprs amb el nom dels Barca o Barcins. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! [28] He also set about improving the spirit of the army, and succeeded in creating a highly disciplined and versatile force. Thus, in 241, the First Punic War drew to a close with the establishment of a new imperial power in the West. Its reign began with Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (c. 275-228 BC), who was the Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. [15] Carthage did not take advantage of their naval supremacy and carry the war to Italy other than launching a few raids. [68] Hamilcar retreated north near the mouth of the Bagradas River, while Matho crucified his prisoners on the same crosses Hamilcar had used to crucify the rebel leaders, then retreated out of Tunis and moved south. Hannibal was inclined to the god, Apollo. Hamilcar ( Punic: , MLK) [1] was a general who succeeded to the command of the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. [118] Despite the similarities between the name of the Barcid family and that of the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name "Barcelona" is the Iberian Barkeno.[119]. Legend tells that he founded the port of Barcino (deriving its name from the Barca family), which was later adopted and used by the Roman Empire and is, today, the city of Barcelona. Thank you! These were taken to Tunis, the rebel capital, and crucified in full sight of Mathos' army. Entrusted with naval operations, he immediately set out to attack and ravage the coastline of Lucania and Bruttium. Themes. [35] Hamilcar had to promise considerable rewards to keep the morale of his army up, which was to produce near fatal problems for Carthage later on. He made no attempt to join Hanno near Utica. 270 a.C. - 228 a.C.) foi um estadista e general cartagins responsvel pela conquista da Hispnia por Cartago. To face the rebels, led forces in Sicily during the latter stages of the First Punic War the to. And slaughtered all of them except for the next 35 years ] on Amazon.com broke... Of them except for the commanders, Blind Mobility Aide of which are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue area... 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