[92], Antarctica contains about 90% of the world's ice. [109][110], Most species in Antarctica seem to be the descendants of species that lived there millions of years ago. This Icey region of Antarctica was discovered by Lincoln Ellsworth and his co-pilot Herbert Hollick-Keyon as they were crossing the continent. Antarctica became glaciated during the Late Paleozoic icehouse beginning at the end of the Devonian period (360Ma), though glaciation would substantially increase during the late Carboniferous. [162] One month later, the doomed Terra Nova Expedition reached the pole. Countries that hold . For a list of them, see List of volcanoes in Antarctica. Antarctica is the least populated continent. Weddell Sea: On your expedition of places to visit in Antarctica, head over to the . The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on Yamana Beach at the South Shetland Islands. 13. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) - Addis Ababa Gabon - Libreville The Gambia - Banjul Ghana - Accra Guinea - Conakry Guinea-Bissau - Bissau Kenya - Nairobi Lesotho - Maseru Liberia - Monrovia Libya - Tripoli Madagascar - Antananarivo Malawi - Lilongwe Mali - Bamako Mauritania - Nouakchott Mauritius - Port Louis Morocco (Al Maghrib) - Rabat Mozambique - Maputo 1400-1600)-language text, Articles containing Old English (ca. Cruise date: 3 Jan - 14 Jan, 2023. [173][174], The first child born in the southern polar region was a Norwegian girl, Solveig Gunbjrg Jacobsen, born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913. Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at research stations, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. There are also over 20 species of liverworts and mosses and 30 species of lichens. [10] Antarctica was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. Even though it is not a country, it is the coldest region on Earth and is covered in snow all year round. ", "World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring ProjectReport No. [209], Antarctica provides a unique environment for the study of meteorites: the dry polar desert preserves them well, and meteorites older than a million years have been found. Read more: Summer Season in the South Pole. A list of Antarctic ice shelves can be found at List of Antarctic ice shelves. Because so many countries claim this area of the world, the Antarctic Treaty System was created to ensure all countries share the continent equally. 2. List of Ultras of Antarctica List of mountains of Princess Elizabeth Land List of mountains of Mac. [138], The pressure group Greenpeace established a base on Ross Island from 1987 to 1992 as part of its attempt to establish the continent as a World Park. [171][note 7], The continent of Antarctica has never had a permanent resident population, although staffed research stations are continuously maintained. [167] Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. This Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities was adopted in 1988. [2] As such, a number of notable ice features have been described on the continent. [69] Average temperatures can reach a minimum of between 80C (112F) in the interior of the continent during winter and a maximum of over 10C (50F) near the coast in summer. [37], The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206146Ma). vThe United States, Peru, Russia, and South Africa have all reserved their right to claim territory in the future. Others are either turning a blind eye to such activities in order to maintain the status quo or performing some illicit activities themselves. Labeled Map of Antarctica. [95], Future projections of ice loss depend on the speed of climate change mitigation and are uncertain. Its coastline is almost 18,000km (11,200mi) long:[1] as of 1983[update], of the four coastal types, 44% of the coast is floating ice in the form of an ice shelf, 38% consists of ice walls that rest on rock, 13% is ice streams or the edge of glaciers, and the remaining 5% is exposed rock. Antarctica. One of the most amazing facts about Antarctica. During the 1950s, seven countries were very eager to lay claim to the Antarctic continent. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". [135], In analogy to the 1980 treaty on sustainable fishing, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, 89.2C (128.6F). All of these places of worship are of different Christian denominations, and you can find them in research bases and towns in Antarctica: Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows Chapel of Santa Mara Reina de la Paz Chapel of Santisima Virgen de Lujan Chapel of the Snows San Francisco de Asis Chapel St. Ivan Rilski Chapel St. Volodymyr Chapel [178], In 1539, the King of Spain, Charles V, created the Governorate of Terra Australis, which encompassed lands south of the Strait of Magellan and thus theoretically Antarctica,[179] granting this Govenorate to Pedro Sancho de la Hoz,[180][181] who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. [72] In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a barren and desiccated landscape. Technically, nobody inhabits Antarctica year-round, but there are between 1,000 and 5,000 people at any given time. [29] For a large proportion of the Phanerozoic, Antarctica had a tropical or temperate climate, and it was covered in forests.[30]. [47] During the early Paleogene, Antarctica remained connected to South America via the Isthmus of Scotia as well as to southeastern Australia. While Antarctica has never had a permanent human population, it has been explored by various groups, and many locations on and around the continent have been described. Strangely enough, the largest land animal in Antarctica is the flightless antarctic midge ( Belgica antarctica ), which is less than 1.3cm in length, crazy right!? [200], Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the Mount Erebus disaster in 1979, when an Air New Zealand plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people onboard. I havent met a single person who doesnt enjoy seeing the ocean. COUNTRIES A - K COUNTRIES L - Z CONTINENTS: Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Why it is important to know other countries, capitals and famous places? Color coding of the pins reflects the region each place is associated with. Which Airline has the Most Baggage Allowance? It's separated from Antarctica by the Drake Passage which is 600 miles wide (1,000 kilometers). NA. [22][23], Vinson Massif, in the Ellsworth Mountains, is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892m (16,050ft). [57] The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by geologic uplift and the transformation of sea bed sediments into metamorphic rocks. The land is almost completely covered in layers of ice and snow. Antarctica is the only continent in the world uninhabited by Homo sapiens. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s. However, as can be expected of any place on Earth where interests of various countries collide, waters get muddied rather abruptly. guarantees continued freedom to conduct scientific research. [11], Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the world), Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. The system features a set of treaties that were later added to the steady foundation that is the Antarctic Treaty. 359. First on tour list of antarctic animal facts is the Emperor penguin Antarctica ( Aptenodytes forsteri ), endemic to Antarctica. For the region, see, "Antipodea" redirects here. [31] West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during the time, large amounts of sandstones, limestones, and shales were deposited. There are 50 blank spaces where your students can write the state name associated with each . It has no countries. [19] Several Antarctic ice streams flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves, a process described by ice-sheet dynamics. 1. [52] Models of Antarctic geography suggest that this current, as well as a feedback loop caused by lowering CO2 levels, caused the creation of small yet permanent polar ice caps. Often described as a continent of superlatives, Antarctica is not only the world's southernmost continent. A list of these can be found at List of rivers of Antarctica. [22] The most prominent exceptions to this are the islands of the Kerguelen Plateau, the earliest of which formed around 40 Ma. This total comprises 193 countries that are members of the UN and 2 countries that are non-members observer states which include the Holy See and Palestine. The Antarctica borders are surrounded by the Southern Ocean. This is a sub-region in Antarctica that lies between the Bellingshausen Sea and the Ronne Ice Shelf. East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Situated on the underside of the globe, no continent can be further south than Antarctica. Tourism, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. Claims generally come from explorers who visited between the 19th century and 20th century. [1] The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was 89.2C (128.6F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. [206], The high elevation of the interior, the low temperatures, and the length of polar nights during the winter months all allow for better astronomical observations at Antarctica than anywhere else on Earth. In 2012, after the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office designated a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee,[188] the Argentinean government formally protested against the claim. [141] Ecosystems are impacted by local and global threats, notably pollution, the invasion of non-native species, and the various effects of climate change. It is no surprise that Antarctica is on top of the list of the coldest countries in the world. [82], Sea ice extent expands annually during the Antarctic winter, but most of it melts in the summer. [68] A lower air temperature of 94.7C (138.5F) was recorded in 2010 by satellitehowever, it may have been influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2m (7ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. [115] The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by seal hunters from the United States and the United Kingdom. [134], Captain James Cook's ships, HMSResolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773, and again in January 1774. This model adopts the criteria of both the six-continent models, resulting in the following 5 continents: Africa, Eurasia, America, Oceania (or Australia), and Antarctica. The woman, who was likely to have been part of a sealing expedition, was found in 1985. [26] The ice dome known as Dome Argus in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422ft). The ice then moves into the ocean, often forming vast floating ice shelves. The United States has strong diplomatic interests in Antarctica. [113], Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, and many bird species, such as penguins and albatrosses. [154][155][156][note 5] The American explorer Mercator Cooper landed on East Antarctica on 26 January 1853. [182] Spain claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the South Pole, with eastern and western borders to these claims specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas and Zaragoza respectively. The treaty was signed on the 1st of December 1959, states: [134] The overfishing of krill (an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. Let us know more about the continent. How Many Countries in Europe As of 2020, there are 45 countries in the continent of Europe. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion from Britain. These stations include Esperanza, McMurdo, Cmara, Neumayer II and III, and Orcadas, to name only a few. The Antarctica labeled map, shows a land area of fourteen million square kilometers. The area received its name after the wife of Richard E Byrd, the first naval officer to explore the region in the 20th century. Devoid of trees, the wonderland of mountains . The peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are then subjected to higher temperatures, which accelerate the melting of the ice. Cross the Drake Passage. 10 Most Beautiful And Amazing Airports In The World ! It is also the world's highest, driest, windiest, coldest, and iciest continent. [204] Argentina, Australia, Chile, and Russia also have a large scientific presence on Antarctica. Since then, the coverage of Antarctic sea ice has decreased rapidly. The continent is divided into East Antarctica (which is largely composed of a high ice-covered plateau) and West Antarctica (which is largely an ice sheet covering an archipelago of mountainous islands). Argentina. Mount Aconcagua, located in the Andes Mountains in Argentina near Chile is the highest point in the Western Hemisphere. Antarctica is the continent around the South Pole of the Earth. [1], Over the second half of the 20th century, the Antarctic Peninsula was the fastest-warming place on Earth, closely followed by West Antarctica, but temperatures rose less rapidly during the early 21st century. mostly uninhabitable, 99% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 . This list of Antarctic countries and list of Antarctic capitals is listed in alphabetical order. [33][34] There is no evidence of any tetrapods having lived in Antarctica during the Paleozoic. Some of the most common permanent stations are led by countries such as Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Germany, and Italy among others. 667. The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. Those 3 countries, plus 11 Pacific Island countries make up the 14 countries in the Oceania region. [122], The simplified morphology of such fungi, along with their similar biological structures, metabolism systems capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. The Antarctic Treaty which came into force in 1961 is now signed by 53 countries. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10C (50F) in summer. Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. [80], Precipitation in Antarctica occurs in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms the giant ice sheet that covers the continent. International Geophysical Year was a major turning point for countries deeply separated by the Cold War and the danger it posed. that the Antarcticcan only be used for peaceful purposes, no fortifications,military manoeuvres and no weapon testing. Whether youre starting your day off with delicious vegan OK, youve been saving up your cash and now youre ready to go to Asia to chill, eat some killer food, relax, and maybe Europes Best Airline 2011-2016 and 18th best airline in the world in 2018 according to Skytrax rating, Turkish Airlines still raises the question of 6 Under-the-Radar Caribbean Islands to Visit, Happiness, Mapped: 5 Places in The United States That Make This Scandinavian Smile, 4 Spooky Spots to Visit This Halloween in the US, Things I Noticed Have Changed in Norway Since Last Time I Visited, 8 Things to Do in Georgetown, South Carolina, 4 Things I Saw at a Country Flea Market in America Last Week, How to Find Extremely Cheap Last Minute Flights. [115], A Census of Marine Life by some 500 researchers during the International Polar Year was released in 2010. The ice often has a bluish hue and the coastal waters are deep blue. Photo: Free Grunge Textures - www.freestock.ca / flickr / CC-BY 2.0 United Kingdom British Antarctic Territory More United Kingdom The ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. [187], The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. Many countries are in Antarctica to stay, but that can be done without claiming any territory whatsoever. I think thats Halloween is a time to let loose and try something new. List of Countries, Languages, Inhabitants, Capitals in Australia - Learning English [86] The loss of ice shelf "buttressing" has been identified as the major cause of ice loss on the West Antarctic ice sheet, but has also been observed around the East Antarctic ice sheet. [112] The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}6mm (14in) in size. All these conflicting interactions, double standards, and a glutton for land are to this day causing confusion not only among those visiting the South Pole themselves but also anyone trying to get informed about the bottom of the barrel that are these claims to Antarctican lands. Permanent stations are those that run all year round. T&C Policy The continent of Australia is the smallest of the seven continents.List of Countries in Australia. The species survived the periods of extremely cold climate in isolated warmer areas, such as those with geothermal heat or areas that remained ice-free throughout the colder climate. In the age of globalization and new technologies it is significant to know geography of other countries especially their capitals. Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. Near the center of the land mass is the South Pole. [38] Ginkgo trees, conifers, Bennettitales, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during the time. Besides the seven countries that were also busy claiming the territories, five more came forward, willing to ratify the treaty. The Balkans is a peninsula including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the European part of Turkey. The claims by Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, and Norway do not overlap and are recognised by each other. For Australia and New Zealand, see, Temperate conditions near the coast in December, The warming trend for Antarctica from 1957 to 2006, based on the analysis of, Conservation and environmental protection, The word was originally pronounced with the first. Although Antarctica is not officially a country, it can be considered more of a condominium shared between several countries. Because of ice melting in Antarctica, a small shift in the gravity has been noticed. Retrieved November 3, 2020. [62] In coastal areas such as the Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, some faulting has occurred. The region covers 2,000 square kilometers and consists of ice-free land along the coastal areas. Practice Your Photography. Projectreport no to claim territory in the early 20th century to form during the.! Large scientific presence on Antarctica lay claim to the South Pole as a stunt... 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